Условные предложения смешанного типа – это такие сложноподчиненные предложения, в которых условие и следствие, т.е. придаточное и главное предложения, относятся к разному времени. Употребление форм сослагательного наклонения подчиняется в них общему правилу: настоящие или будущие действия передаются неперфектными (несовершенными) формами, а действия, относящиеся к прошлому – перфектными (совершенными).
При этом часто условие по смыслу и не относится к какому-либо времени (обычно в подобных высказываниях говорится о постоянных действиях, возможных при описанном в придаточном предложении условии, либо характеристиках подлежащего).
В качестве наглядных примеров описанному выше принципу рассмотрим строение помещенных в таблицу условных предложений смешанного типа.
| предложения | перевод |
| If I had taken that book at the library yesterday, I would get a good mark for my exam now. | Если бы вчера я взял ту книгу в библиотеке, я бы сейчас получил хорошую оценку на экзамене. |
| If he were educated, he wouldn’t have made such mistakes. | Если бы он был образованным, он бы не допустил таких ошибок. |
| If they were serious people, they wouldn’t behave so silly. | Если бы они были серьезными людьми, они бы не вели себя так легкомысленно. |
Как следует из представленной таблицы, подобные высказывания начинаются не с главного, а с придаточного предложения условия, в котором на первом месте стоит союз «если». Отметим, что подобное строение условных предложений данного типа свойственно и русскому языку. Например: «Если бы я знал об этих трудностях, я бы не брался за это дело»: данное предложение тоже начинается с придаточной части и союза «если», который, хотя и служит для связи частей сложноподчиненного предложения, стоит на первом месте.
Сказуемое главного придаточного предложения выражено вспомогательным глаголом would в положительной или отрицательной (wouldn’t) форме (в зависимости от смысла предложения) и смыслового глагола в соответствующей форме. Отметим, что после глагола would частица to не ставится, поскольку это – модальный глагол (как и can, may, must, should, после которых to не ставится).
Следовательно, подобные предложения весьма просты для перевода и построения. В этом убедитесь и Вы сами, последовательно изучая английский язык. Однако не можем не подчеркнуть, что знакомство с грамматическими правилами само по себе (в отрыве от речевой практики) недостаточно и малоэффективно: обучение иностранному языку всегда тесно связано в работе с текстом и над текстом, а также с устной диалогической речью. Лишь читая, переводя или общаясь, Вы сможете научиться распознавать и строение высказываний, и их грамматические и синтаксические отличия. Наша компания будет рада Вам в этом помочь.
Подробнее об условных предложения смешенного типа
| Дополнительное упражнение по теме №1 | ||
| Choose the correct answer: | ||
| 1. | If I ___ the lottery, I would be rich. | |
| a. had won | b. win | |
| 2. | If I had taken French in high school, I ___ more job opportunities now. | |
| a. would have had | b. would have | |
| 3. | If she had been born in the United States, she ___ a visa to work here. | |
| a. wouldn’t need | b. would have needed. | |
| 4. | If I ___ rich, I would have bought that Ferrari we saw yesterday. | |
| a. had been | b. were | |
| 5. | If I ___ so much vacation time, I wouldn’t go with you on the cruise to Alaska next week. | |
| a. didn’t have | b. hadn’t had | |
| 6. | If she had enough money, she ___ for this trip to Hawaii with the other guys. | |
| a. could go | b. could have gone | |
| 7. | If Sam ___ Russian, he would have translated the letter for you yesterday. | |
| a. had spoken | b. spoke | |
| 8. | If I had told me that you are going to come over today, I ___ in. | |
| a. would be | b. would have been | |
| 9. | If Dan ___ so nice, he wouldn’t be tutoring you in math tonight. | |
| a. weren’t | b. hadn’t been | |
| 10. | If I didn’t have to work so much, I___ to the party last night. | |
| a. would go | b. would have gone | |
| 11. | If the parents ___ the cat, their children would have a new friend now. | |
| a. had bought | b. buy | |
| 12. | If Cindy were more creative, the company ___ her to New York to work on the new advertising campaign. | |
| a. send | b. would send | |
| 13. | If Donna weren’t making a big dinner for us tonight, I ___ that we go to that nice Italian restaurant. | |
| a. would have suggested | b. would suggest | |
| 14. | If Seb ___ with us to the desert, everyone would be very disappointed. | |
| a. doesn’t come | b. didn’t come | |
| 15. | If I ___ an aspirin, I wouldn’t have a headache now. | |
| a. had taken | b. took | |
| 16. | If you spoke English, you ___ along with them perfectly. Next time they are here, make sure you speak better English. | |
| a. would get | b. would have got | |
| 17. | If they had invited me, I ___ myself at the party now. | |
| a. would be enjoying | b. would have been enjoying | |
| 18. | If I ___ the film in the cinema, I wouldn’t watch it on TV now. | |
| a. had watched | b. watched | |
| 19. | She ___ forget to pick you up if you hadn’t phoned her. | |
| a. would | b. will | |
| 20. | If we ___ the book, we would understand the film better. | |
| a. read | b. had read | |
| Дополнительное упражнение по теме №2 | ||
| Choose the correct answer: | ||
| 1. | I ___ score better on the test if the teacher had explained the grammar once more. | |
| a. could | b. can | |
| 2. | She wouldn’t have two laptops now if she ___ a special agreement when applying for the job. | |
| a. didn’t sign | b. had not signed | |
| 3. | If we had closed the window yesterday, it ___ so cold in here now. | |
| a. won’t be | b. wouldn’t be | |
| 4. | The computer wouldn’t crash so often if Larry ___ it. | |
| a. tested | b. test | |
| 5. | She would have visited Henry and Cliff in hospital if she ___ about the accident. | |
| a. had known | b. knew | |
| 6. | If he ___ the batteries, he would have enough power for his laptop. | |
| a. had recharged | b. recharged | |
| 7. | If Yvonne had watched the news, she ___ the puzzle now. | |
| a. would have solved | b. would solve | |
| 8. | If he ___ his own vegetables then, he wouldn’t have to buy them now. | |
| a. had grown | b. grew | |
| 9. | If I ___ politics earlier I could be Prime Minister now. | |
| a. entered | b. had entered | |
| 10. | If I had listened to my father’s advice I ___ a successful lawyer by now. | |
| a. would be | b. would have been | |
| 11. | If we __ earlier we would be there already. | |
| a. set off | b. had set off | |
| 12. | If the boy wasn’t so young he ___. | |
| a. will have been prosecuted | b. would have been prosecuted | |
| 13. | If she knew the language she ___ abroad instead of Kate. | |
| a. would have gone | b. would go | |
| 14. | If I had know you were not coming in advance I ___ so angry now. | |
| a. won’t be | b. wouldn’t be | |
| 15. | If you ___ the test you would have the driving license now. | |
| a. had passed | b. have passed | |
| 16. | If you ___ so stubborn he would have agreed with us. | |
| a. are not | b. were not | |
| 17. | If you ___ me about the exhibition I wouldn’t be going to London. | |
| a. hadn’t told | b. haven’t’ told | |
| 18. | If you ___ rude she wouldn’t have got offended. | |
| a. were not | b. are not | |
| 19. | If Sue knew how to behave she ___ a better job. | |
| a. will get | b. would have got | |
| 20. | If they were really happy they ___ so sad. | |
| a. won’t look | b. wouldn’t look | |
